Author: chogan@directresearch.com

In a nutshell, W&M posted another 250 test results yesterday, of which three were positives.  They still have about 700 test results to go, by my count. Continue reading Post #1089: W&M brief update

 

This post is another brief update on the William and Mary COVID-19 outbreak.

William and Mary continues to post student COVID-19 test results a few hundred at a time.  Ysterday’s batch of about 200 tests identified eight new COVID-19 cases.

Continue reading Post #1086: William and Mary COVID-19 outbreak, update to 3/31/2021

No surprises.

• U.S. daily new case counts continue to rise.
• With two or three exceptions, all the states in the Midwest and Northeast are seeing rising case counts.
• Michigan now has the highest rate of daily new COVID-19 cases in the country.

All of that is just continuation of existing trends.

And yet, I’m not all that worried about this fourth wave of COVID, for the reasons I’ve already laid out.  First, if this is a race between vaccination and the new COVID strains, the math says that vaccination should win (Post #1051).  Second, there just aren’t that may people left who haven’t been either infected or vaccinated (Post #1061).  Even if we haven’t reached that mythical “herd immunity” level.

And so, in this post, I’m going to cherry-pick a few facts to try to make a few simple points.  These are all things that aren’t happening.  Those can be just as important as the things that are happening, but they never make it into the newspapers. Continue reading Post #1085: COVID trend to 3-30-2021

I’ve rebased all the numbers to use 3/23/2021 as the starting point.  By eye, that’s the start of the U.S. fourth wave of COVID-19.  If we take that as the starting point, then daily new COVID-19 cases are up 20% so far, and are rising at the rate of about 24 percent per week.

Trying to look on the bright side, it gets boring having to blog about good news.  Bad news, by contrast, pretty much writes itself.

Here are the national tables, followed by the six regional tables. Continue reading Post #1083: COVID-19 trend, fourth U.S. wave

Yesterday’s update of the William and Mary COVID-19 dashboard produced a few surprises.  To cut to the chase:

• They still need to report test results for about 1300 more students.  So what’s up on the dashboard now is not the final total.
• On Monday, they added the results of a few hundred tests with a very high positivity rate.  That suggests to me that this last batch was probably tests for students who were identified via contact tracing, or who came forward for testing because they had symptoms.
• At present, it looks like about 2 percent of W&M students were infected with COVID during this outbreak.  That will probably fall somewhat as the last 1300 “mass testing” results are reported.

The bottom line is that this is a larger outbreak than I would have guessed, based on the data report as of last Friday.  That doesn’t mean it’s getting worse.  It just means that I under-estimated it, based on public information as of last Friday.

Details follow. Continue reading Post #1082: William and Mary update, still waiting for the other shoe to drop

If you’ve been following current events, you probably saw that the CDC  now estimates that a single shot of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines reduces your chance of getting COVID-19 by 80 percent.  That’s per this research.

Most of you probably through, hey, that’s great.

By contrast, I thought, if the CDC believes its own research, it should immediately ask the states to cease giving second shots.  Because, if this most recent research is true, it makes a compelling case for doing as they are doing in Great Britain, and getting one vaccine shot into as many people as possible, rather than providing complete (two-shot) vaccinations to anyone.

And the reason here is obvious:  It’s a case of diminishing marginal returns.  Based on this most recent study, the first shot gives you 80 percent effectiveness.  And the second shot adds a mere 10 percent more effectiveness.  Obviously, you get more bang for the buck by providing more people with just one shot, rather than fewer people with two shots. Continue reading Post #1081: Vaccines and diminishing marginal returns.

 

In terms of the trend in new COVID-19 cases, today is much the same as yesterday.  Looks like we’ve entered the U.S. fourth wave of COVID.  U.S. new case counts are now back to 25% of the U.S. third wave peak.  And now it looks like things are starting to accelerate.

 

Source:  Calculated from: The New York Times. (2021). Coronavirus (Covid-19) Data in the United States. Retrieved 3/29/2021 , from https://github.com/nytimes/covid-19-data.  The NY Times U.S. tracking page is located at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html.

Trends have turned upward in New York (really, all of the Northeast) and Florida.  Michigan is set to become the state with the highest rate of reported new infections.

I don’t think it’s worth creating the six regional graphs as they look pretty much as they did when I posted them yesterday.

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Vaccination and self-selection, or why vaccination matters less than the simple count of persons would indicate.

Vaccination continues apace.  In the last two days, the U.S. delivered COVID-19 vaccine at the rate of 3.4 million doses per day.  And the fraction of the elderly who have been vaccinated continues to grow (below, more than 0.6 percentage points per day increase, over the last two days.)

Source:  U.S. CDC

But.

Back in February, I outlined the two reasons why vaccination didn’t much matter, at that time, for stopping the pandemic (Post #1035).  That was for two separate reasons.

First, the classes of individuals being vaccinated first were not, by and large, the individuals who were spreading the disease.  We set about vaccinating all the old people first, in what had become a young person’s pandemic.  Here’s how Virginia looked at the time.  This is infection rates by age (light blue) versus vaccination rates by age (dark blue) as of the end of February.

Source:  Virginia Department of Health COVID-19 dashboard accessed end-of-February 2021.

This was a conscious choice by public health officials, and we just have to live with it.  For some smaller subsets of the population (e.g., health care workers, first responders), vaccines were given to people at high risk of contracting the disease.  But the bulk of vaccine so far has gone to the elderly.  Persons age 65 and up account for about 16% of the population but more than half of the fully-vaccinated population.

But there’s a second reason, and I think that’s coming out in the data now:  Self-selection.  Vaccination is voluntary.  Within each eligibility class (e.g., the elderly), the people who are NOT vaccinated may by systematically different from those who are.

There’s a second factor, that you can’t see, but that probably plays an even greater role in reducing the effectiveness of vaccines at slowing the spread of COVID-19:  Self-selection.  And by that I mean that the people lining up to get vaccinated early are probably people who are both worried about COVID-19 and cautious about exposing themselves to infection.

In other words, the people pressing to get vaccinated first are probably the people who were less likely to spread disease in the first place.  They are probably mostly from the stay-at-home, employ-proper-COVID-hygiene group.  Or, to turn that around, it’s a fair bet that the anti-vaxxers overlap pretty strongly with the anti-maskers and others who fail to adopt simple measures to prevent spread of disease.

And, while I can’t say anything definite yet, it sure looks to me as if this is showing up in the data now.  Whether it’s due to a lack of COVID hygiene, or to frailty, or maybe to their living situation, I can’t say.  But based on some crude back-of-the-envelope analysis, infection rates in the elderly have not dropped in proportion to vaccination rates in the elderly. 

This is tough to say definitively, because a) there are scant timely U.S. data breaking out infection rates by age, and b) there are only scattershot data by state breaking out infection rates in the elderly over time.  But let me just take the CDC’s plot of weekly average infection rates per 100,000, by age:

Source:  U.S. CDC.  The ends of lines are omitted here because they reflect incomplete reporting.

Notice anything odd about the 80+ infection rate?  The gap between that purple line (age 80+) and (say) all the green lines (younger people) has hardly changed since January 1.  By the end of March, the purple line (80+) is a modestly lower fraction of those green lines (younger people).  So it dips.  Vaccination appears to have an effect.

But it only dips a little.

As of the end point of this graph, something like 45% of the 80+ population would have been fully vaccinated, and a further 30% would have had at least one shot.  When I do the math based on the effectiveness of the vaccine (45% x 90% effective + 30% x 55% effective), I estimate that, in effect, by the end of the time period above, the equivalent of 60% of that elderly (purple-line) population should have been immune.  And yet, there’s nothing approaching a 60% reduction in new cases, relative to (say) the nearly-unvaccinated younger population.

And you can spin that either way.  One way to say it is that the elderly who were eager to get vaccinated were the ones who were not spreading disease in the first place.  And so vaccinating a lot of them did very little to the ongoing spread of disease, because they were (e.g.) careful enough not to catch COVID in any case.  And the flip side of that is to say that the elderly who were out-and-about spreading disease are the same ones who won’t (or perhaps can’t?) get vaccinated.

The upshot is that both factors limit the effectiveness of the vaccines at reducing spread of COVID-19.  The selection of the populations given priority for vaccination, and then self-selection within those populations, both appear to limit the effectiveness of the vaccine at stopping the pandemic.

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How does this relate to herd immunity?

All of these things — the simple-minded expected impact of vaccine, or the level of vaccination required to end the pandemic — they’re all based on really crude-bordering-on-dumb models of the population.  Effectively, every person is the same, and all persons interact at random.

In effect, the basic model of a herd immunity really and truly is a model of what you’d expect to see in a herd of cattle.  And while there are some more-sophisticated models, pretty much everything you hear about herd immunity is based on the simple “cattle herd” model.

And I’m beginning to think that the simple “cattle herd” model of a pandemic might be seriously misleading, as a model for an actual pandemic among people.

This is pure speculation, I have no hard evidence, but in some sense, the numbers just don’t add up.  When you’re doing the addition based on the simple-minded model of a pandemic.

The only thing I’m fairly certain of is that if we’re vaccinating people who, by and large, wouldn’t have gotten infected anyway, then the overall population level of vaccination required for herd immunity is going to be higher than the simple “cattle herd” model suggests.  The often quoted figure of 70% vaccination rate required for herd immunity assumes that’s a randomly-chosen 70%, and that individuals then interact at random.  That’s the only set of assumptions that results in 70% of the chains of infection being broken.  And, based on the infectiousness of the previously dominant strains, that’s the number you’d need to break to end the pandemic.

But suppose, by contrast, that the population consists of two subgroups.  One of which obeys all the COVID hygiene rules, has a low rate of infection, and is eager to be vaccinated.  And a second group that routinely ignores the COVID-19 hygiene rules, has a high rate of infections, and is reluctant to be vaccinated.

In a nutshell, the question is, can that second group — call them the rule breakers — keep the pandemic going despite a high overall average rate of vaccination?  And, just fuzzy-thinking through this, I think the answer is that under the right circumstances, yes they can.  In particular, if rule-abiders tend to interact with rule-abiders, and rule-breakers interact with rule-breakers, you can keep the pandemic going among the rule-breakers even though the average vaccination level in the population suggest that the pandemic should end.

This is tough to model explicitly.  But just take the simplest case where the two populations are completely separated, with no interaction.  In that case, the pandemic will continue until both halves of the population reach herd immunity.

Just to throw some numbers at that simple scenario, if

1. the two populations (rule-abiders and rule-breakers) were of equal size,
2. vaccination were the only way to achieve immunity, and
3. you need 70% of a population vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, and
4. the rule-breakers are only half as likely to accept the vaccine,

Then you’d actually need to get 85% of the total population vaccinated before the pandemic would end.  That would be 100% of the rule-abiding population, and 70% of the rule-breaking population.

In any case, here’s my take on this.  I’ve been expecting to see some states hit herd immunity for quite some time now.  And it’s just not happening.  At least, not yet.

At this point, we’ve got states that already had high infection rates in the U.S. third wave, and that now have one dose of vaccine given to nearly 40% of the population and full vaccination given to 25% of the population.  Some of these are states that the CDC says have few or none of the new more-infectious variants. And yet, new COVID-19 case rates are now rising in those states.

Somehow, something about the simple-minded “cattle herd” model really is not right, when applied to the actual U.S. population.  I can’t quite put my finger on it, but I now suspect that the actual path to ending this pandemic is a lot more complicated than just getting adequate average voluntary compliance with COVID hygiene rules and COVID vaccination.